HTLV-I induces lesions in the pulmonary system: A systematic review.

This study analyzed the relationship between infection by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and changes in the pulmonary system. Cohort and case-control study models that analyzed a causal association between HTLV-1 and changes in the pulmonary system were considered. There were no restrictions on language and publication period. The study was registered in the PROSPERO systematic analysis database (Protocol No. CRD42017078236) and was prepared according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The following databases were used: PubMed, BVS Regional Portal, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science. We utilized the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the methodological quality of published studies and the Kappa coefficient to assess the agreement level between two reviewers. Of the total 1156 studies retrieved by the search strategy, 28 were considered potentially eligible (Kappa test = 0.928). Of the 28 studies, three fully met the inclusion criteria. These indicated that pulmonary lesions, such as bronchiectasis and bronchitis/bronchiolitis, were observed in patients with HTLV-1, with high-resolution computed tomography of the chest being the main method of diagnostic investigation. The analyzed cohort and case-control studies indicated an etiological relationship between HTLV-1 infection and the presence of lung lesions, with emphasis on bronchiectasis in the presence of high viral loads, as well as a higher mortality in these individuals compared with the general population.

Development of RT-qPCR and semi-nested RT-PCR assays for molecular diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is an, often fatal, emerging zoonotic disease in the Americas caused by hantaviruses (family: Hantaviridae). In Brazil, hantavirus routine diagnosis is based on serology (IgM-ELISA) while RT-PCR is often used to confirm acute infection. A Semi-nested RT-PCR and an internally controlled RT-qPCR assays were developed for detection and quantification of four hantaviruses strains circulating in the Brazilian Amazon: Anajatuba (ANAJV) and Castelo dos Sonhos (CASV) strains of Andes virus (ANDV) species; and Rio Mamoré (RIOMV) and Laguna Negra (LNV) strains of LNV species. A consensus region in the N gene of these hantaviruses was used to design the primer sets and a hydrolysis probe. In vitro transcribed RNA was diluted in standards with known concentration. MS2 bacteriophage RNA was detected together with hantavirus RNA as an exogenous control in a duplex reaction. RT-qPCR efficiency was around 100% and the limit of detection was 0.9 copies/µL of RNA for RT-qPCR and 10 copies/µL of RNA for Semi-nested RT-PCR. There was no amplification of either negative samples or samples positive to other pathogens. To assess the protocol for clinical sensitivity, specificity and general accuracy values, both assays were used to test two groups of samples: one comprising patients with disease (n = 50) and other containing samples from healthy individuals (n = 50), according to IgM-ELISA results. A third group of samples (n = 27) infected with other pathogens were tested for specificity analysis. RT-qPCR was more sensitive than semi-nested RT-PCR, being able to detect three samples undetected by conventional RT-PCR. RT-qPCR clinical sensitivity, specificity and general accuracy values were 92.5%, 100% and 97.63%, respectively. Thus, the assays developed in this study were able to detect the four Brazilian Amazon hantaviruses with good specificity and sensitivity, and may become powerful tools in diagnostic, surveillance and research applications of these and possibly other hantaviruses.

Mortality in patients with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a meta-analysis.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the leading cause of nosocomial infections with high mortality rates owing to the limited therapeutic options for multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing strains. Herein, we present a meta-analysis exploring the association between MDRPA and São Paulo MBL-1 (SPM-1)-producing strains vs. mortality. Online databases were screened to identify studies published between 2006 and 2016. A total of 15 studies, comprising 3,201 cases of P. aeruginosa infection, were included. Our results demonstrated a higher mortality rate among patients infected with MDRPA (44.6%, 363/813) than those with non-MDRPA infection (24.8%, 593/2,388) [odds ratio (OR) 2.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.70-3.36, p <0.00001]. The risk of mortality in patients with non-SPM-1 strains was four times higher than that observed in the patients of the SPM-1 group; however, no statistically significant difference was observed (p = 0.43). In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrated that patients infected with MDRPA had a significantly higher mortality rate than that of patients infected with non-MDRPA strains, especially patients with bloodstream infection (BSI), immunosuppression, and inadequate antimicrobial therapy. The absence of studies on the molecular aspects of blaSPM-1 and its association with mortality limited the analysis; therefore, our results should be interpreted with caution. Our findings also highlight the need for more studies on the molecular aspects of resistance and the peculiarities of different nosocomial settings.

Mortality in patients with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a meta-analysis

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the leading cause of nosocomial infections with high mortality rates owing to the limited therapeutic options for multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing strains. Herein, we present a meta-analysis exploring the association between MDRPA and São Paulo MBL-1 (SPM-1)-producing strains vs. mortality. Online databases were screened to identify studies published between 2006 and 2016. A total of 15 studies, comprising 3,201 cases of P. aeruginosa infection, were included. Our results demonstrated a higher mortality rate among patients infected with MDRPA (44.6%, 363/813) than those with non-MDRPA infection (24.8%, 593/2,388) [odds ratio (OR) 2.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.70-3.36, p <0.00001]. The risk of mortality in patients with non-SPM-1 strains was four times higher than that observed in the patients of the SPM-1 group; however, no statistically significant difference was observed (p = 0.43). In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrated that patients infected with MDRPA had a significantly higher mortality rate than that of patients infected with non-MDRPA strains, especially patients with bloodstream infection (BSI), immunosuppression, and inadequate antimicrobial therapy. The absence of studies on the molecular aspects of blaSPM-1 and its association with mortality limited the analysis; therefore, our results should be interpreted with caution. Our findings also highlight the need for more studies on the molecular aspects of resistance and the peculiarities of different nosocomial settings.

The Teaching of Clinical Skills and the Applicability of a Simplified Guide to Physical Examination in Undergraduate Medical Training / O Ensino de Habilidades Clínicas e a Aplicabilidade de um Guia Simplificado de Exame Físico na Graduação de Medicina

ABSTRACT Introduction: Despite technological advances, anamnesis and physical examination remain the most important and effective diagnostic tools in a clinical case. However, many students complete their medical degree lacking these essential skills. The unstandardized character of the physical examination is considered one of the major hurdles in the teaching-learning of this practice. Objective: To evaluate the clinical skills of medical students and the applicability of a simplified physical examination guide for the improvement of these skills. Methods: This was an analytical and quantitative-approach study, which compared before-and-after information among general medicine student interns from January to February 2014. The students were trained with the simplified guide for a 3-week period. The students had their clinical examination evaluated in 13 items: vital signs, oral cavity examination, ophthalmoscopy, otoscopy, thyroid examination, cardiovascular, pulmonary, abdominal examination, lymph nodes, anthropometric measurements, ankle-brachial index (ABI), neurological examination, examination of the breast (female patients) or testicles (male patients). The result of each part of the examination was classified into three categories: complete assessment, partial assessment and absent assessment. Results: A total of 31 students participated. Significant improvement was found in almost all items in relation to the complete evaluation after training with the guide: cardiovascular system (3.23% versus 74.19%, before and after training, respectively, p < 0.01), pulmonary system (22.58% versus 90.32%, p < 0.01), abdomen (22.58% versus 74.19%, p = 0.01), vital signs (16.13% versus 100%, p < 0.01), palpation of lymph nodes (6.45% versus 77.42%, p < 0.01), neurological examination (0% versus 22.58%, p = 0.02), thyroid palpation (0% versus 61.29%, p < 0.01), examination of oral cavity (6.45% versus 67.74%, p < 0.01), anthropometric measurements (0% versus 45.16%, p < 0.01), breast examination (0% versus 36.84%, p = 0.02), ophthalmoscopy (0% versus 32.26%, p < 0.01), otoscopy (0% versus 64.52%, p < 0.01); evaluation of the ankle-brachial index (0% versus 83.87%, p < 0.01), examination of the testicles (0% versus 8.33%, p = 1.0). A 280.7% increase was also observed in the students' median score after training (1.92 versus 7.31 points, P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between student performance and time on the medical course (R2 = 0.1242; P = 0.0515). Conclusions: There is a large deficit in teaching clinical skills during undergraduate medical courses. As an effective solution, a simplified sequential clinical examination guide can serve as training for medical students.

RESUMO Introdução: Apesar dos avanços tecnológicos, a anamnese e o exame físico permanecem as ferramentas diagnósticas mais importantes e eficazes diante de um caso clínico. No entanto, muitos alunos concluem o curso médico com deficiências nessas habilidades essenciais. A falta de padronização do exame físico é considerada uma das principais dificuldades no ensino-aprendizagem. Objetivo: Avaliar as habilidades clínicas dos estudantes do internato de Medicina e a aplicabilidade de um guia simplificado de exame físico para o aperfeiçoamento dessas habilidades. Métodos: O estudo foi analítico, quantitativo do tipo comparativo antes e depois, realizado com alunos de Medicina em estágio de Clínica Médica no período de janeiro a fevereiro de 2014. Os estudantes foram treinados com o guia simplificado por um período de três semanas. Os alunos tiveram seu exame clínico avaliado em 13 itens: sinais vitais, exame da cavidade oral, fundoscopia, otoscopia, exame da tireoide, exame cardiovascular, pulmonar, abdominal, linfonodos, medidas antropométricas, índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB), exame neurológico, exame das mamas (pacientes mulheres) ou dos testículos (pacientes homens). O resultado da avaliação de cada item foi classificado em três categorias: avaliação completa, avaliação parcial e avaliação ausente. Resultados: Ao todo, participaram 31 estudantes. Observou-se melhora significativa de quase todos os itens em relação à avaliação completa após a capacitação com o guia: sistema cardiovascular (3,23% versus 74,19%, antes e depois do treinamento, respectivamente, p < 0,01); sistema pulmonar (22,58% versus 90,32%, p < 0,01); abdome (22,58% versus 74,19%, p = 0,01); sinais vitais (16,13% versus 100%, p < 0,01); palpação de linfonodos (6,45% versus 77,42%, p < 0,01); exame neurológico (0% versus 22,58%, p = 0,02); palpação da tireoide (0% versus 61,29%, p < 0,01); exame da cavidade oral (6,45% versus 67,74%, p < 0,01); medidas antropométricas (0% versus 45,16%, p < 0,01); exame das mamas (0% versus 36,84%, p = 0,02); fundoscopia (0% versus 32,26%, p < 0,01); otoscopia (0% versus 64,52%, p < 0,01); avaliação do índice tornozelo-braquial (0% versus 83,87%, p < 0,01); exame dos testículos (0% versus 8,33%, p = 1,0). Foi possível observar também um aumento de 280,7% na pontuação mediana do desempenho dos alunos após o treinamento (1,92 versus 7,31 pontos, P < 0,001). Notou-se ausência de correlação significativa entre o desempenho dos alunos e o tempo de permanência no curso (R2 = 0,1242; P = 0,0515). Conclusões: Há um déficit grande no ensino de habilidades clínicas durante a graduação de Medicina. Como uma solução eficaz, um guia simplificado sequencial de exame clínico pode servir no treinamento de estudantes de Medicina

O Ensino de Habilidades Clínicas e a Aplicabilidade de um Guia Simplificado de Exame Físico na Graduação de Medicina / The Teaching of Clinical Skills and the Applicability of a Simplified Guide for Physical Examination in the Undergraduate Medical Program

RESUMO Introdução Apesar dos avanços tecnológicos, a anamnese e o exame físico permanecem as ferramentas diagnósticas mais importantes e eficazes diante de um caso clínico. No entanto, muitos alunos concluem o curso médico com deficiências nessas habilidades essenciais. A falta de padronização do exame físico é considerada uma das principais dificuldades no ensino-aprendizagem. Objetivo Avaliar as habilidades clínicas dos estudantes do internato de Medicina e a aplicabilidade de um guia simplificado de exame físico para o aperfeiçoamento dessas habilidades. Métodos O estudo foi analítico, quantitativo do tipo comparativo antes e depois, realizado com alunos de Medicina em estágio de Clínica Médica no período de janeiro a fevereiro de 2014. Os estudantes foram treinados com o guia simplificado por um período de três semanas. Os alunos tiveram seu exame clínico avaliado em 13 itens: sinais vitais, exame da cavidade oral, fundoscopia, otoscopia, exame da tireoide, exame cardiovascular, pulmonar, abdominal, linfonodos, medidas antropométricas, índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB), exame neurológico, exame das mamas (pacientes mulheres) ou dos testículos (pacientes homens). O resultado da avaliação de cada item foi classificado em três categorias: avaliação completa, avaliação parcial e avaliação ausente. Resultados Ao todo, participaram 31 estudantes. Observou-se melhora significativa de quase todos os itens em relação à avaliação completa após a capacitação com o guia: sistema cardiovascular (3,23% versus 74,19%, antes e depois do treinamento, respectivamente, p < 0,01); sistema pulmonar (22,58% versus 90,32%, p < 0,01); abdome (22,58% versus 74,19%, p = 0,01); sinais vitais (16,13% versus 100%, p < 0,01); palpação de linfonodos (6,45% versus 77,42%, p < 0,01); exame neurológico (0% versus 22,58%, p = 0,02); palpação da tireoide (0% versus 61,29%, p < 0,01); exame da cavidade oral (6,45% versus 67,74%, p < 0,01); medidas antropométricas (0% versus 45,16%, p < 0,01); exame das mamas (0% versus 36,84%, p = 0,02); fundoscopia (0% versus 32,26%, p < 0,01); otoscopia (0% versus 64,52%, p < 0,01); avaliação do índice tornozelo-braquial (0% versus 83,87%, p < 0,01); exame dos testículos (0% versus 8,33%, p = 1,0). Foi possível observar também um aumento de 280,7% na pontuação mediana do desempenho dos alunos após o treinamento (1,92 versus 7,31 pontos, P < 0,001). Notou-se ausência de correlação significativa entre o desempenho dos alunos e o tempo de permanência no curso (R2 = 0,1242; P = 0,0515). Conclusões Há um déficit grande no ensino de habilidades clínicas durante a graduação de Medicina. Como uma solução eficaz, um guia simplificado sequencial de exame clínico pode servir no treinamento de estudantes de Medicina.

ABSTRACT Introduction In spite of technological advances, anamnesis and physical examination are still the most important and effective early diagnostic tools in any clinical case. However, many students graduate in medicine lacking these essential skills. The absence of a standardized physical examination is one of the main difficulties in the teaching-learning process. Objective To evaluate the clinical skills of medical intern students and the applicability of a simplified physical examination guide for improving these skills. Methods This was an analytical and quantitative-approach study, which compared before-and-after information among general medicine student interns from January to February 2014. The students were trained with the simplified guide for a 3-week period and their clinical examination was evaluated in 13 items: vital signs, examination of oral cavity, fundoscopy, otoscopy, thyroid examination, cardiovascular examination, pulmonary examination, abdominal exam, lymph nodes, anthropometric measurements, ankle-brachial index (ABI), neurological examination, examination of the breasts or testicles (examination of breasts for female patients and testicles for male patients). The result of the evaluation of each item was classified into 3 categories: complete evaluation, partial evaluation and no evaluation. Results A total of 31 students participated. Significant improvement was found in almost all items in relation to the complete evaluation after training with the guide: cardiovascular system (3.23% versus 74.19%, before and after training, respectively, p < 0.01), pulmonary system (22.58% versus 90.32%, p < 0.01), abdominal exam (22.58% versus 74.19%, p = 0.01), vital signs (16.13% versus 100%, p < 0.01), palpation of lymph nodes (6.45% versus 77.42%, p < 0.01), neurological examination (0% versus 22.58%, p = 0.02), thyroid palpation (0% versus 61.29%, p < 0.01), examination of oral cavity (6.45% versus 67.74%, p < 0.01), anthropometric measurements (0% versus 45.16%, p < 0.01), breast examination (0% versus 36.84%, p = 0.02), fundoscopy (0% versus 32.26%, p < 0.01), evaluation of the ankle-brachial index (0% versus 83.87%, p < 0.01), examination of the testicles (0% versus 8.33%, p = 1.0). An increase of 280.7% was also observed in the students' median score after training (1.92 versus 7.31 points, P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between student performance and time on the medical course (R2 = 0.1242; P = 0.0515). Conclusions There is a large deficit in teaching clinical skills during undergraduate medical courses. As an effective solution, a simplified sequential clinical examination guide can serve as training for medical students.

Leprosy and pregnancy: detection coefficient and proposal for a new index.

INTRODUCTION: Our study presents a method to generate a novel detection coefficient for the association between leprosy and pregnancy (DCLP). Methods The DCLP was calculated for women from the State of Pará (2007-2009), Brazil. Data were ordered, divided into five equal parts (corresponding to the P20, P40, P60, and P80 percentiles), and classified as low, medium, high, very high, or hyperendemic. RESULTS: Using the new index, we established the DCLP parameters for low (<0.36), medium (0.36-0.69), high (0.70-1.09), very high (1.10-1.50), and hyperendemic (>1.50). CONCLUSIONS: The new DCLP is more appropriate than the overall detection coefficient (DC), which does not take into account the particularities of the interaction between a disease and a specific physiological state.

Modelo de laboratório de medicina baseada em evidências. Experiência na Universidade do Estado do Pará / Laboratory model of evidence-based medicine. Experience at the University of Pará

Contexto e objetivo: Sistemas, serviços e academias de ensino em saúde em todo o mundo carecem de autodisciplina científica para avaliações sistemáticas de tecnologias em saúde para oferecer as intervenções mais efetivas e seguras, evitando danos ao paciente e dispêndio desnecessário de recursos. Por isso, foi criado o Laboratório de Medicina Baseada em Evidências da Universidade do Estado do Pará. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a criação e as atividades desenvolvidas no laboratório.Métodos: Estudo descritivo realizado no Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde da Universidade do Estado do Pará.Resultados: As atividades do laboratório foram planejadas para os corpos docentes e discentes de cursos de graduação e pós-graduação em saúde, bem como profissionais, gestores e usuários dos serviços de assistência à saúde ligados à Universidade.Conclusão: Nos âmbitos do ensino, da pesquisa e da extensão, o laboratório vem ampliando positivamente suas atividades. Assim, estima-se a melhoria dos indicadores de saúde e econômicos dos serviços de saúde do Estado do Pará para um sistema de saúde mais eficiente, seguro e justo.

Bevacizumab for ocular neovascular diseases: a systematic review.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Many eye diseases involve increased local levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and there are several therapeutic strategies for them. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of bevacizumab for treating eye diseases involving increased local levels of VEGF, as the assumed pathophysiological mechanism. DATA SOURCES: The following databases were systematically searched for evidence: PubMed, CENTRAL (Cochrane Library), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) and reference lists, without language restrictions. Only randomized controlled trials were included. The primary outcome of interest was visual acuity, irrespective of the evaluation method. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 667 eyes in nine randomized trials were included. Meta-analysis showed that the proportion of patients with age-related macular degeneration who presented improvements from baseline regarding best-corrected visual acuity was higher among those treated with bevacizumab than among those in the photodynamic therapy group (risk ratio, RR, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.31 to 0.78; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The evidence available demonstrates that bevacizumab alone or combined with other treatments is more effective than other options, including photodynamic therapy, focal photocoagulation and triamcinolone. The use of bevacizumab instead of photodynamic therapy could reduce treatment costs by more than 99% and could significantly increase access to treatment. However, long-term studies are still needed in order to reduce uncertainty concerning the safety of this medication for all ocular neovascular diseases in which bevacizumab has the potential to improve visual acuity.

Bevacizumab for ocular neovascular diseases: a systematic review / Bevacizumabe para doenças oculares neovasculares: revisão sistemática

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Many eye diseases involve increased local levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and there are several therapeutic strategies for them. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of bevacizumab for treating eye diseases involving increased local levels of VEGF, as the assumed pathophysiological mechanism. DATA SOURCES: The following databases were systematically searched for evidence: PubMed, CENTRAL (Cochrane Library), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) and reference lists, without language restrictions. Only randomized controlled trials were included. The primary outcome of interest was visual acuity, irrespective of the evaluation method. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 667 eyes in nine randomized trials were included. Meta-analysis showed that the proportion of patients with age-related macular degeneration who presented improvements from baseline regarding best-corrected visual acuity was higher among those treated with bevacizumab than among those in the photodynamic therapy group (risk ratio, RR, 0.49; 95 percent confidence interval, CI, 0.31 to 0.78; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The evidence available demonstrates that bevacizumab alone or combined with other treatments is more effective than other options, including photodynamic therapy, focal photocoagulation and triamcinolone. The use of bevacizumab instead of photodynamic therapy could reduce treatment costs by more than 99 percent and could significantly increase access to treatment. However, long-term studies are still needed in order to reduce uncertainty concerning the safety of this medication for all ocular neovascular diseases in which bevacizumab has the potential to improve visual acuity.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: Muitas doenças oculares envolvem o aumento dos níveis locais de fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular (FCEV), uma diversidade de estratégias terapêuticas para tais condições. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a efetividade e a segurança de bevacizumabe para o tratamento de pacientes com doença ocular que envolva o aumento dos níveis locais de FCEV, como mecanismo patofisiológico assumido. FONTE DAS INFORMAÇÕES: Foi realizada busca sistemática pelas evidências disponíveis nas seguintes bases de dados da eletrônicas: PubMed, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), além de referências bibliográficas de estudos relevantes, sem restrições de língua. Foram incluídos apenas ensaios controlados e aleatórios. Acuidade visual, independentemente do método de avaliação, foi considerada o desfecho primário de interesse. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Foi incluído um total de 667 olhos testados em nove ensaios clínicos aleatórios. A metanálise demonstrou que a proporção de pacientes com degeneração macular relacionada à idade que melhoraram a acuidade visual foi maior entre os tratados com bevacizumabe do que entre os pacientes em terapia fotodinâmica (risco relativo [RR] 0.49, 95 por cento intervalo de confiança [IC] 0,31 a 0,78, P = 0,01). CONCLUSÕES: A evidência disponível demonstra que bevacizumabe isolado ou combinado com outras terapias é mais eficaz que terapia fotodinâmica, fotocoagulação focal e triancinolona. O uso de bevacizumabe em vez da terapia fotodinâmica poderia reduzir os custos do tratamento em mais de 99 por cento e aumentar significativamente o acesso ao tratamento. Entretanto, o aspecto de segurança do fármaco ainda necessita ser avaliado por estudos em longo prazo com todas as doenças neovasculares em que bevacizumabe tenha o potencial de melhorar acuidade visual.

A systematic review of the interventions to promote the wearing of hearing protection

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Noise-induced hearing loss can only be prevented by eliminating or lowering noise exposure levels. When the source of the noise cannot be eliminated, workers have to rely on hearing protection equipment. The aim here was to summarize the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to enhance the wearing of hearing protection among workers exposed to noise in the workplace. DATA SOURCE: Studies with random assignment were identified by an electronic search of the medical literature up to 2005. Data were double-entered into the Review Manager software, version 4.2.5. DATA SYNTHESIS: Two studies were found. A computer-based intervention tailored to individual workers’ risks and lasting 30 minutes was not found to be more effective than a video providing general information for workers. A second randomized controlled trial evaluated the effect of a four-year school-based hearing loss prevention program among schoolchildren working on their parents’ farms. The intervention group was twice as likely to wear some kind of hearing protection as was the control group (which received only minimal intervention). REVIEWERS’ CONCLUSIONS: The limited evidence does not show whether tailored interventions are more or less effective than general interventions among workers, 80 percent of whom already use hearing protection. Long-lasting school-based interventions may increase the use of hearing protection substantially. Better interventions to enhance the use of hearing protection need to be developed and evaluated in order to increase the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss among workers.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Perda auditiva induzida por ruído pode apenas ser prevenida eliminando ou diminuindo os níveis de exposição sonora. Quando a fonte do ruído não pode ser eliminada, trabalhadores devem utilizar os equipamentos de proteção auditiva. O objetivo foi sumarizar as evidências sobre efetividade das intervenções para aumentar o uso de protetores auriculares entre trabalhadores expostos a ruídos. ESTRATÉGIA DE BUSCA: Estudos randomizados foram identificados por busca eletrônica na literatura médica até 2005. Os dados foram checados duplamente e inseridos no software Review Manager software, versão 4.2.5. RESULTADO PRINCIPAL: Dois estudos foram encontrados. Uma intervenção padronizada por computador em relação ao risco de um trabalhador individual durou 30 minutos e não foi mais efetiva do que um vídeo fornecendo informações gerais entre os trabalhadores. Um segundo ensaio clínico randomizado avaliou os efeitos de um programa de prevenção auditiva de quatro anos em uma escola onde jovens trabalhavam nas fazendas de seus pais. O grupo de intervenção foi duas vezes mais provável de usar algum tipo de protetor auricular do que o grupo controle, que recebeu mínima intervenção. CONCLUSÃO DOS REVISORES: Limitada evidência não demonstrou quando as intervenções padronizadas são mais ou menos efetivas do que intervenções gerais em trabalhadores, 80 por cento deles já utilizavam o protetor auricular. Intervenções longas em escolas podem aumentar substancialmente o uso de protetores auriculares. Melhores intervenções para aumentar o uso de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs) devem ser desenvolvidas e avaliadas com intuito de aumentar a prevenção de perda auditiva induzida por ruído em trabalhadores.

Levodopa for idiopathic restless legs syndrome: evidence-based review.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensory motor disorder characterized by a distressing urge to move the legs and sometimes also other parts of the body usually accompanied by a marked sense of discomfort or pain in the leg or other affected body part. The prevalence of RLS is estimated at 2.7 to 5% of adults and it is more common in women. The treatment of RLS with levodopa has been reported thus a systematic synthesis of evidence is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of levodopa for RLS. Systematic review of randomized or quasi-randomized, double blind trials on levodopa. Relief of restless legs symptoms marked on a validated scale, subjective sleep quality, sleep quality measured by night polysomnography and actigraphy, quality of life measured by subjective measures, adverse events associated with the treatments. Nine eligible clinical trials were included. The subjective analyses of these studies showed contradictory results, although the objective analyses showed that treatment group had a statistically significant improvement of periodic leg movement (PLM) index, favoring the treatment group. The most commonly adverse event seen was gastrointestinal symptoms. The short-term treatment with levodopa was demonstrated effective and safety for PLM, but there was only few trials assessing long-term treatment and the augmentation phenomenon in RLS. Further long-term randomized controlled trials using standard follow-up measurements as the International RLS Study Group Rating Scale are necessary.

A systematic review of the interventions to promote the wearing of hearing protection.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Noise-induced hearing loss can only be prevented by eliminating or lowering noise exposure levels. When the source of the noise cannot be eliminated, workers have to rely on hearing protection equipment. The aim here was to summarize the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to enhance the wearing of hearing protection among workers exposed to noise in the workplace. DATA SOURCE: Studies with random assignment were identified by an electronic search of the medical literature up to 2005. Data were double-entered into the Review Manager software, version 4.2.5. DATA SYNTHESIS: Two studies were found. A computer-based intervention tailored to individual workers risks and lasting 30 minutes was not found to be more effective than a video providing general information for workers. A second randomized controlled trial evaluated the effect of a four-year school-based hearing loss prevention program among schoolchildren working on their parents farms. The intervention group was twice as likely to wear some kind of hearing protection as was the control group (which received only minimal intervention). REVIEWERS CONCLUSIONS: The limited evidence does not show whether tailored interventions are more or less effective than general interventions among workers, 80% of whom already use hearing protection. Long-lasting school-based interventions may increase the use of hearing protection substantially. Better interventions to enhance the use of hearing protection need to be developed and evaluated in order to increase the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss among workers.